History of Kingdom of Israel

The United Monarchy is the name given to the united Israelite[b] kingdom of Israel and Judah, as depicted in the Hebrew Bible, during the reigns of biblical figures Saul, David and Solomon. It is traditionally dated to have lasted between 1047 BCE and 930 BCE. On the succession of Solomon's son Rehoboam in c. 930 BCE, the biblical account reports that the country split into two kingdoms: the Kingdom of Israel in the north and the Kingdom of Judah in the south.

Whether or not there is an archaeological basis for a united monarchy is a matter of ongoing debate. In the 1990s, Israeli archaeologist Israel Finkelstein contested that existing archaeological evidence for a united monarchy in the 10th century BCE should actually be dated to the 9th century BCE. : 59–61  This model placed the biblical kingdom in the Iron I period, suggesting it was not a centralized kingdom but rather a tribal chiefdom over a small polity in Judah, disconnected from the Israelite tribes of the northern kingdom.

The rival chronology of Israeli archaeologist Amihai Mazar places the relevant period beginning in the early-10th century BCE and ending in the mid-9th century BCE, addressing the problems of the traditional chronology while still aligning pertinent findings with the time of Saul, David, and Solomon. Both Mazar's chronology and the traditional one have received fairly wide acceptance, but no consensus on the topic exists.

Recent archaeological discoveries by the Israeli archaeologists Eilat Mazar in Jerusalem and Yosef Garfinkel in Khirbet Qeiyafa seem to support the existence of the United Monarchy, but the datings and identifications are not universally accepted. Scholars remain divided between those who support the historicity of the Biblical narrative, those who doubt the existence of a united monarchy, and those who support its existence but believe that the Bible contains theological exaggerations.

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