Harvard Referencing Style

General principles

Before using this referencing guide you should always consult your unit guide, which may specify variations on this style. If you are still unsure, please check with your unit chair, lecturer or tutor.

The following principles of the Harvard referencing style apply to all sources, including print, electronic and multimedia sources.

The Harvard style consists of two elements:

* in-text citations in the body of the paper that include the author, the date and often a page number

* a reference list at the end of the paper giving full bibliographic details of all in-text citations.

Note that you may not always find an example of the specific source you want to reference. Sometimes you may have to combine elements from more than one section in this guide to determine the correct referencing

format.

1.1 Referencing system

This referencing is based on the ‘Harvard’ system. This system is based on two requirements; the first is to reference in the main body of the text after referring to another person’s work and the second is to compile a list of all references at the end of the text (reference list). The Harvard system is a simple method of quoting references in which names and dates are given in the body of the text and alphabetically listed at the end of the essay / assignment / project. Footnotes may not be used as they are not in keeping with the Harvard Referencing System. When using the Harvard Referencing System do not use footnotes, numbered reference lists, or include references for Wikipedia as this is not an academic source.

1.2 Purpose of referencing

References are a list of all the materials which have been used or cited in the essay / assignment / project with enough detail to allow a reader to find the item with as much ease as possible. It is important that whenever you use the ideas of other writers, or quote directly from their works, that you acknowledge them in the text and in a list of references at the end. They are called references because you have ‘referred’ to that article or book in your text. As others who read your essay / assignment / project may wish to follow up a particular author’s ideas, it is vitally important that all references are complete and accurate.

This app includes:

General Principles

How do I format in-text citations?

How do I compile a reference list?

Group author

No author

No date

Multiple authors of a single work

Citing multiple source at the same point

Repeat citations in the same paragraph

Secondary sources

Multiple publications by the same author in the same year

Book

Reference list entries

One, two or three authors

More than three authors

Chapter in an edited book

e-book

Dictionary or encyclopedia

Work other than a first edition

Periodicals

Print journal article – one to three authors

e-journal article – one to three authors

Journal article – four or more authors

Newspaper article

Newspaper article – no author

Newspaper article – online or database

Review in a periodical

Image

Image from a print publication

Image from a database

Image from a website

Reproducing figures in assignments

Artwork in museum/gallery

Note that referencing styles

for online sources vary at

different institutions, faculties and schools,

as standards are still evolving.

Always consult your unit guide first.

Online, broadcast, video

Social media

Webpage or document from a website

Wiki

Blog

Podcast or streaming video

Film, DVD, video, CD-ROM

Television and radio

Other sources

ABS statistics

Advertisement in a print publication

Brochures, posters, pamphlets

Conference paper

Course materials

Government publications

Legal sources

Media release

Personal communication

Report

Software and games

Standards

Table or chart

Thesis

Translated work