Network protocols Books

A network protocol is a set of established rules that dictate how to format, transmit and receive data so that computer network devices from servers and routers to endpoints can communicate, regardless of the differences in their underlying infrastructures, designs or standards.

To successfully send and receive information, devices on both sides of a communication exchange must accept and follow protocol conventions. In networking, support for protocols can be built into software, hardware or both.

Without computing protocols, computers and other devices would not know how to engage with each other. As a result, except for specialty networks built around a specific architecture, few networks would be able to function, and the internet as we know it wouldn't exist. Virtually all network end users rely on network protocols for connectivity.

Network protocols break larger processes into discrete, narrowly defined functions and tasks across every level of the network. In the standard model, known as the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, one or more network protocols govern activities at each layer in the telecommunication exchange. Lower layers deal with data transport, while the upper layers in the OSI model deal with software and applications.

A set of cooperating network protocols is called a protocol suite. The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite, which is typically used in client-server models, includes numerous protocols across layers such as the data, network, transport and application layers working together to enable internet connectivity. These include the following:

TCP, which uses a set of rules to exchange messages with other internet points at the information packet level;

User Datagram Protocol, or UDP, which acts as an alternative communication protocol to TCP and is used to establish low-latency and loss-tolerating connections between applications and the internet;

IP, which uses a set of rules to send and receive messages at the level of IP addresses; and

additional network protocols, including Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and File Transfer Protocol (FTP), each of which has defined sets of rules to exchange and display information.

Every packet transmitted and received over a network contains binary data. Most computing protocols will add a header at the beginning of each packet in order to store information about the sender and the message's intended destination. Some protocols may also include a footer at the end with additional information. Network protocols process these headers and footers as part of the data moving among devices in order to identify messages of their own kind.

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