বাংলা উপনিষদ সমগ্র ~ Uponisod

Upanishads are the fourth or last level of Vedic literature. The literal meaning of the word Upanishad is that one has to sit in solitude with the guru and receive knowledge, that is, occult knowledge. However, according to usage, the word refers to special books written in the last stage of Vedic literature. The four sections of the books included in the Vedic literature are the Sanhita, the Brahman, the Aranyaka and the Upanishads. However, according to the Vedic tradition, the forest belongs to the Brahmins and the Upanishads belong to the forest. Each Brahman and Aranyaka are considered to be connected with a single Samhita, so that the Upanishads are also considered in the end.

The number of Upanishads is indefinite, but thirteen Upanishads are recognized as chief and ancient. They are: (Rigveda) Aitareya, Kaushitaki, (Samveda) Chandogya, Ken, (Krishna Yajurveda) Tittiriya, Katha, Shwetasvatara, Maitrayaniya, (Shukla Yajurveda) Brhadaranyaka, Ish, (Atharvaveda) Mundak, Prasna. Some of these are composed only in verse and the rest in prose-verse. The period of composition is generally pre-Buddhist period (6th century BC).

It was in the Upanishads that Indian philosophical thought first emerged. The Upanishads find a way to get rid of the tedious sacrificial complexities of the previous era, hair-raising judgments about activities, etc., and a new realm in the world of thought. Some hints of contemporary social life are also found in some Upanishads. According to some, the first development of scientific consciousness is also found in the Upanishads.

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