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The European robin known simply as the robin or robin redbreast in the British Isles, is a small insectivorous passerine bird specifically a chat that was formerly classified as a member of the thrush family but is now considered to be an Old World flycatcher. About 12.5–14.0 cm in length the male and female are similar in colouration with an orange breast and face lined with grey brown upperparts and a whitish belly. It is found across Europe east to Western Siberia and south to North Africa it is sedentary in most of its range except the far north.

The term is also applied to some birds in other families with red or orange breasts. These include the American which is a thrush and the Australasian robins of the family Petroicidae the relationships of which are unclear.

The European robin was described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Motacilla rubecula. Its specific epithet rubecula is a diminutive derived from the Latin ruber red. The genus Erithacus was introduced by French naturalist Georges Cuvier in 1800 giving the bird its current binomial. The genus name Erithacus is from Ancient Greek and refers to an unknown bird now usually identified as robin.

The genus previously included the Japanese and the Ryukyu. These east Asian species were shown in molecular phylogenetic studies to be more similar to a group of other Asian species than to the European. In a reorganisation of the genera the Japanese and the Ryukyu robins were moved to the resurrected genus Larvivora leaving the European as the sole member of Erithacus. The phylogenetic analysis placed Erithacus in the subfamily Erithacinae which otherwise contained only African species but its exact position with respect to the other genera was not resolved.

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