Cardiovascular System

This app contains following

Introduction CS

Heart, actions of the heart, blood vessels, divisions of circulation

Properties of Cardiac Muscle

Excitability, rhythmicity, conductivity, contractility.

Cardiac Cycle

Events of cardiac cycle, description of atrial events, description of ventricular events, intra-atrial pressure changes, intraventricular pressure, aortic pressure changes, ventricular volume changes.

Heart Sounds

Description of heart sounds, triple and quadruple, methods of study.

Cardiac Murmur

classification of murmur

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Uses of ECG, electrocardiographic grid, ECG leads, waves of normal ECG, intervals and segments of ECG.

Vector

Instantaneous mean vector, degree of instantaneous, calculated vector, vectoral analysis, vector cardiogram.

Arrhythmia

Normotonic arrhythmia, ectopic arrhythmia ectopic arrhythmia, artificial pacemaker, current of injury.

Effect of Changes in Electrolyte Concentration on Heart

Sodium ion concentration, potassium ion concentration, calcium ion concentration, experimental evidences.

Cardiac Output

Ejection fraction, cardiac reserve, variations in cardiac output, distribution of cardiac output, factors maintaining cardiac output, measurement of cardiac output, cardiac catheterization.

Heart Rate

Heart rate, regulation of heart rate, vasomotor center, motor (efferent) nerve, sensory (afferent) nerve, factors affecting vasomotor.

Cardiac Function Curves

cardiac output curves, analysis of cardiac.

Heart-lung Preparation

Uses of heart-lung preparation.

Arterial Blood Pressure

Determinants of arterial blood pressure –regulation of arterial, nervous mechanism for regulation of blood pressure, renal mechanism for regulation of blood pressure, hormonal mechanism for regulation of blood pressure, local mechanism for regulation of blood pressure, measurement of arterial blood pressure.

Hemodynamics

Mean volume of blood flow, hagen-poiseuille equation, windkessel effect, Circulation time.

Arterial Pulse

Capillary oncotic pressure.

Venous Pressure

transmission of pulse, methods of recording arterial pulse, interpretation of arterial pulse tracing, pulse points, examination of radial pulse.

Coronary Circulation

Variations of venous pressure, measurement of venous pressure, factors regulating venous pressure.

Cerebral Circulation

Distribution of coronary blood vessels, coronary blood flow and its measurement, factors regulating coronary blood flow, applied physiology – coronary artery disease.

Splanchnic Circulation

Cerebral vessels and normal cerebral blood flow, measurement of cerebral, regulation of cerebral blood flow, applied physiology – stroke.

Capillary Circulation

mesenteric circulation, splenic circulation, hepatic circulation.

Circulation through Skeletal Muscle

Structure of capillaries, pattern of capillary system, peculiarities of capillary, functions of capillaries, factors controlling.

Cutaneous Circulation

Factors regulating blood flow to skeletal muscle.

Fetal Circulation and Respiration

Architecture of cutaneous blood vessels, functions of cutaneous circulation, normal blood flow to skin, regulation of cutaneous blood flow.

Hemorrhage

Blood vessels in fetus, fetal lungs, changes in circulation.

Circulatory Shock and Heart Failure

Types and causes of hemorrhage, compensatory effects of hemorrhage.

Cardiovascular Adjustments during Exercise

Manifestations of circulatory shock, stages of circulatory shock, types and causes of circulatory shock, treatment for circulatory shock, heart failure.

Venous Pulse

Aerobic and anaerobic exercises, severity of exercise, effects of exercise, significance, examination of venous pulse, methods to record venous pulse, recording of venous pulse – jugular venous pulse tracing.